Bibliographies: 'Policy support schemes' – Grafiati (2024)

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The concept of "common policy" faithfully reflects one of the defining features of the Common Agricultural Policy. Currently, CAP is built around two pillars: Pillar I- Agriculture and Pillar II- Rural Development. The main way to support agriculture is represented by direct payments. The Regulation (EU) 1307/2013 establishing rules for direct payments to farmers during the programming period 2014-2020 provides uniform payment schemes applicable in all Member States. Some of these schemes are compulsory (such as basic payment scheme or single payment area; payment scheme for farmers using agricultural practices beneficial for the climate and environment), others are optional, leaving it to countries if they want to apply these schemes or not. The proposals for payment schemes applicable in Romania during the period 2015-2020 are: Single Area Payment Scheme (SAPS); Payments for Agricultural Practices Beneficial for the Climate and the Environment; Redistributive Payment; Payments for Young Farmers; Transitional National Aids and Simplified Scheme for Small Farmers.

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Business support schemes are necessary for the growth of private enterprises. Ghana has had a number of initiatives under various regimes from independence to date, aimed at ensuring vibrant business support schemes but the country is far from reaching the goal. This is because there is lack a of clear policy direction as well as weak collaboration among the few public and private business support organisations. This paper highlights two prominent institutions, the National Board for Small Scale Industries and Empretec Ghana Foundation and establishes that the institutions need financial support and more qualified personnel to carry out their mandate. There is also the need to consolidate the fragmented support services especially in the private sector to avoid duplication.

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The article deals with the study of support schemes for renewable energy promotion in the European Union member states. The main strategic documents that declare short-term and long-term goals to increase the share of green energy in final energy consumption of the European Union are considered. The primary motivational mechanisms aimed at encouraging the production of energy from renewable energy sources, namely feed-in tariff models, feed-in premium model, and tradable green certificate scheme are analyzed. In addition, a number of secondary motivational tools such as tender systems, net metering, tax and customs privileges which are used in combination with the primary mechanisms for more effective promotion of renewable energy are described. The results of the influence of policy in renewable energy field on increasing the share of green energy in the total energy mixes of European Union member states are presented.

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The increasing number of certification schemes diminishes the utility of certifications as private regulation and creates several policy challenges. The undergoing efforts to help consumers verify the accuracy of information created by private regulation mechanisms such as certification are currently confronted with the complexities of certification and labeling systems and the difficulties in linking data points across various certification schemes. This paper presents the development of certification and inspection ontology to support smart disclosure of product information. This study proposes that the resulting ontology enables information integration and standardization thus supporting knowledge discovery and sharing by synthesizing information across disparate data sources that is valuable for informing data-driven policy formulation. The ontology also supports standardization of an agreed set of terms and semantics for currently fragmented certification and inspection schemes to support comparability across different certification schemes. The accuracy and consistency of the proposed ontology are verified by using current reasoning tools to run queries based on a set of predefined competency questions.

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Background There is modest evidence that exercise referral schemes increase physical activity in inactive individuals with chronic health conditions. There is a need to identify additional ways to improve the effects of exercise referral schemes on long-term physical activity. Objectives To determine if adding the e-coachER intervention to exercise referral schemes is more clinically effective and cost-effective in increasing physical activity after 1 year than usual exercise referral schemes. Design A pragmatic, multicentre, two-arm randomised controlled trial, with a mixed-methods process evaluation and health economic analysis. Participants were allocated in a 1 : 1 ratio to either exercise referral schemes plus e-coachER (intervention) or exercise referral schemes alone (control). Setting Patients were referred to exercise referral schemes in Plymouth, Birmingham and Glasgow. Participants There were 450 participants aged 16–74 years, with a body mass index of 30–40 kg/m2, with hypertension, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, lower limb osteoarthritis or a current/recent history of treatment for depression, who were also inactive, contactable via e-mail and internet users. Intervention e-coachER was designed to augment exercise referral schemes. Participants received a pedometer and fridge magnet with physical activity recording sheets, and a user guide to access the web-based support in the form of seven ‘steps to health’. e-coachER aimed to build the use of behavioural skills (e.g. self-monitoring) while strengthening favourable beliefs in the importance of physical activity, competence, autonomy in physical activity choices and relatedness. All participants were referred to a standard exercise referral scheme. Primary outcome measure Minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity in ≥ 10-minute bouts measured by an accelerometer over 1 week at 12 months, worn ≥ 16 hours per day for ≥ 4 days including ≥ 1 weekend day. Secondary outcomes Other accelerometer-derived physical activity measures, self-reported physical activity, exercise referral scheme attendance and EuroQol-5 Dimensions, five-level version, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores were collected at 4 and 12 months post randomisation. Results Participants had a mean body mass index of 32.6 (standard deviation) 4.4 kg/m2, were referred primarily for weight loss and were mostly confident self-rated information technology users. Primary outcome analysis involving those with usable data showed a weak indicative effect in favour of the intervention group (n = 108) compared with the control group (n = 124); 11.8 weekly minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity (95% confidence interval –2.1 to 26.0 minutes; p = 0.10). Sixty-four per cent of intervention participants logged on at least once; they gave generally positive feedback on the web-based support. The intervention had no effect on other physical activity outcomes, exercise referral scheme attendance (78% in the control group vs. 75% in the intervention group) or EuroQol-5 Dimensions, five-level version, or Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores, but did enhance a number of process outcomes (i.e. confidence, importance and competence) compared with the control group at 4 months, but not at 12 months. At 12 months, the intervention group incurred an additional mean cost of £439 (95% confidence interval –£182 to £1060) compared with the control group, but generated more quality-adjusted life-years (mean 0.026, 95% confidence interval 0.013 to 0.040), with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of an additional £16,885 per quality-adjusted life-year. Limitations A significant proportion (46%) of participants were not included in the primary analysis because of study withdrawal and insufficient device wear-time, so the results must be interpreted with caution. The regression model fit for the primary outcome was poor because of the considerable proportion of participants [142/243 (58%)] who recorded no instances of ≥ 10-minute bouts of moderate and vigorous physical activity at 12 months post randomisation. Future work The design and rigorous evaluation of cost-effective and scalable ways to increase exercise referral scheme uptake and maintenance of moderate and vigorous physical activity are needed among patients with chronic conditions. Conclusions Adding e-coachER to usual exercise referral schemes had only a weak indicative effect on long-term rigorously defined, objectively assessed moderate and vigorous physical activity. The provision of the e-coachER support package led to an additional cost and has a 63% probability of being cost-effective based on the UK threshold of £30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year. The intervention did improve some process outcomes as specified in our logic model. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN15644451. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 63. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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AbstractThere has been a long history, nearly 50 years, of support by the government for farming in the upland areas and the modern schemes continue the essential features of support that have been developed over the years. However the justification for the support has changed with time, from maximizing production to more social issues. It is now being recognized that the hill farmer's efforts have helped create and maintain one of our most attractive national assets and it is this environmental benefit which increasingly provides much of the justification for continued public support for hill farming. So the government's policies are important in two respects: the vital rôle of economic support and the encouragement of farmers to manage their land with greater concern for the environment.On the economic front, one of the most important ways that support is provided to upland farming is through HLCAs. Also vitally important are the EC sheepmeat regime and the changes made to that regime and the EC beef regime in the recent CAP reform settlement.The government's encouragement of farmers to manage their land with greater concern for the environment is increasing in importance and there are a number of ways in which this encouragement is delivered. The government has built on the success of Environmentally Sensitive Areas. As well as ESAs, there are other schemes available to farmers such as the Farm and Conservation Grant Scheme. In addition, an opportunity to develop a coherent framework for the delivery of a number of environmental schemes has presented itself as a result of the CAP reform. However, Government support should not be thought of as the only source of extra income for hill farmers. The farmer and the farmer's family should use every opportunity open to them to maximize their income.

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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has revived discussions about universal basic income (UBI) as a potential crisis response. Yet despite favorable circ*mstances, little actual policy change in this area was observed. This article seeks to explain this absence of policy change and to reflect on the prospects for introducing UBI schemes after the pandemic in European democracies. I argue that public opinion on UBI provides few electoral incentives to push for social policy change. Using prepandemic data from 21 European democracies and pandemic data from the UK, I show that political support for UBI has been divided between different groups who advocate conflicting policy goals and who hold divergent views about existing welfare state arrangements. While support for UBI might have increased during the pandemic, the underlying political dividing lines are likely to have remained intact. Due to these enduring divisions and the stable support for existing social policy arrangements over an untested policy, the prospects for introducing UBI schemes in the post-pandemic world remain uncertain.

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Attribute based encryption (ABE) is an encryption technique which provides a good solution to the security issues in the cloud environment. Through ABE, a data owner can achieve the fine-grained sharing of data encrypted under attributes or an access policy which they possess. The relation among these attributes is represented by the access policy which is expressed as an access tree. In this article, the authors first present an ABE scheme which supports frequent changes in the access tree and hence, it is named a dynamic policy ABE. Also, the proposed scheme generates secret keys of constant size which can save bandwidth. The proposed scheme is based on key-policy design and supports monotonic access structure that consists of AND, OR and Threshold gates. Inspired by the proposed dynamic policy ABE scheme the authors then present a multi-keyword search scheme which inherits all the features of the proposed ABE scheme. Therefore, it provides a constant size trapdoor and support for fast search. The construction of a multi-keyword search scheme is generic in nature and any ABE scheme can be converted to the multi-keyword search scheme using the transformation method given in the paper. Finally, the proposed schemes are proven to be secure under Decisional Bilinear Diffie-Hellman (DBDH) assumption.

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Tyrimo objektas – tiesioginė parama. Tyrimo dalykas – tiesioginės paramos schemos. Darbo tikslas - ištirti tiesioginės paramos schemų pokyčius ir įvertinti paramos atsiejimo nuo gamybos poveikį žemės ūkiui. Uždaviniai: 1. Identifikuoti tiesioginių išmokų kaip tiesioginės paramos reikšmę ir nustatyti jų vietą agrarinės politikos priemonių sistemoje; 2. Išnagrinėti tiesioginės paramos schemų pokyčius ir atlikti jų palyginamąją analizę; 3. Išanalizuoti ir įvertinti tiesioginės paramos atsiejimo nuo gamybos poveikį Lietuvos žemės ūkiui. Tyrimo metodai: literatūros sisteminės analizės ir sintezės; grafinio vaizdavimo metodai; statistinių duomenų palyginimo; indukcijos ir dedukcijos; modeliavimo ir konstrukcinių skaičiavimų metodai; prognozuojamiems dydžiams nustatyti panaudota modeliavimo programa GAMS; loginio mąstymo ir atsiribojimo metodai. Ištyrus tiesioginės paramos schemas ir jų poveikį žemės ūkiui pagal Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių mokslinius veikalus, periodinę literatūrą, konferencijų medžiagą ir interneto puslapių duomenis, identifikuota tiesioginės paramos kaip agrarinės politikos priemonės esmė ir formos, išnagrinėti schemų pokyčiai, įvertintas atsiejimo nuo gamybos poveikis žemės ūkio plėtotei.
Research object - direct support. Research subject – direct support schemes. Research aim – explore direct support schemes changes and measure decoupling impact for agriculture. Objectives: 1. Identify direct payments import in concept of direct support and establish them position in agricultural policy system; 2. Scrutinize direct support schemes changes and make comparable analysis of them; 3. Traverse and measure direct support decoupling form productivity impact for Lithuania agriculture. Research methods – special literature analysis and synthesis; graphical modeling; statistic data comparison; induction and deduction methods; modeling and contraction; GAMS program for future date research; logical and abstraction methods. By exploring direct support schemes and them impact for agriculture by the Lithuanian and the other countries scientific, periodical literature, conferences stuff, web pages data was identified direct support like measure of agricultural policy point and form; scrutinize the changes of schemes, measured direct support decoupling form productivity impact for agriculture.

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The practice of forcing onto developing countries policies developed in other contexts assumes standardised paths to social and economic growth. These policies should enable rapid economic development by “correcting” local marketinefficiencies, without considering the role these may have in preserving stability and preventing violence. Moreover, this approach does not address the compatibility of such policies with the culture, values and norms of the receiving country. The thesis aims at extending our understanding of success factors for policy transfer, focusing on organisational schemes for innovation support. It follows the pragmatic Research paradigm and adopts a deductive approach using mixed methods to study the link between administrative efficiency and innovation performance in developing countries, an under-researched area. This thesis argues that policies successfully implemented in culturally proximal contexts are more likely to lead to similar results in the receiving context.The results of the quantitative analysis indicate a strong relationship between administrative efficiency and innovation performance in low-middle income countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The performance of organisational schemes supporting innovation in the national innovation systems of Egypt and Morocco is qualitatively assessed on the basis of 72 face-to-face interviews withentrepreneurs, policy makers and academics. The research finds that similar organisational schemes have produced similar results in the two case studies, confirming the working hypothesis and supporting an approach to policy transfer based on “relevant” good practice.

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The practice of forcing onto developing countries policies developed in other contexts assumes standardised paths to social and economic growth. These policies should enable rapid economic development by “correcting” local market inefficiencies, without considering the role these may have in preserving stability and preventing violence. Moreover, this approach does not address the compatibility of such policies with the culture, values and norms of the receiving country. The thesis aims at extending our understanding of success factors for policy transfer, focusing on organisational schemes for innovation support. It follows the pragmatic Research paradigm and adopts a deductive approach using mixed methods to study the link between administrative efficiency and innovation performance in developing countries, an under-researched area. This thesis argues that policies successfully implemented in culturally proximal contexts are more likely to lead to similar results in the receiving context. The results of the quantitative analysis indicate a strong relationship between administrative efficiency and innovation performance in low-middle income countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The performance of organisational schemes supporting innovation in the national innovation systems of Egypt and Morocco is qualitatively assessed on the basis of 72 face-to-face interviews with entrepreneurs, policy makers and academics. The research finds that similar organisational schemes have produced similar results in the two case studies, confirming the working hypothesis and supporting an approach to policy transfer based on “relevant” good practice.

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The success of wind power integration throughout Europe has been largely varied with some European countries showing large boosts in capacity compared to some which show none at all. This Thesis looks at those countries that have been successful in order to determine which factors have led to this success and what if any lessons can be learned in order to assist other countries. The countries studied make up the top three for total wind power capacity and top three for total capacity per capita. The surrounding elements that affect wind power development are assessed and relevant trends are investigated and discussed. Factors such as, support instruments and overall governance are discussed in detail with a number of trends being found. Calculations were conducted developing an average mean annual percentage increase for total capacity which showed that countries with an undeveloped wind power industry switching to a form of quota system could show a boost to total capacity. No evidence was found that suggested switching to or changing an existing feed in tariff system would result in a boost in installed capacity. In assessing governance, a trend was discovered showing obligations and targets helped to drive boosts in capacity especially for the countries who implemented a quota system. Brining these two trends together it was determined that strong top level governance was required to actually kick start boosts in total capacity. The use of combinations of support schemes is assessed and a trend determined that suggests that use a quota system as a primary support scheme is better suited to having tax incentives as a secondary with feed in tariff systems having financial support as a secondary system. A plan for developing wind power in countries with undeveloped wind power industries is developed based on the trends identified within the Thesis. This suggests that a switch to a quota system combined with strong EU and national Governance could help to boost capacity to a point at which time a switch to a form of FIT would be beneficial to build on this steady base.

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The aim of this thesis is to explore the conceptions of aesthetic quality used in Swedish literature policy through a study of the discourse of the state support to new, Swedish fiction 1975-2009. This support scheme is a quality-based retrospective grant, introduced in 1975, aiming to guarantee the quality and versatility of book publishing. It is explored as an expression of cultural policy in a welfare policy setting, where the autonomy of the arts is a central concept. The quality of the book is the foremost criterion for the award of support and quality assessment is carried out by a work group consisting of authors, critics, librarians and researchers. The empirical part of the study analyses arguments concerning state support forwarded in the debate from political documents, articles in newspapers and trade press, debate books and also in six interviews with former members of the workgroups from the 1970s and the 2000s. A discourse policy analysis is used to examine the discourse of the support, how it is legitimized and the conceptions of aesthetic quality embedded in the discourse. The results show that for stakeholders state support is highly legitimate. The support is discursively connected to welfare politics and democracy, even though it is aimed at artifacts, not citizens. It is legitimized as being a support to book production, not for mediating literature. There has been a shift in the conception of quality, from being identified in a negative sense to a positive sense. A professional concept of quality as a driving force is used by the workgroup. The shift towards explicating quality can be seen as a way of protecting the concept of quality in a time where it is perceived as being under threat. The use of quality as the foremost criterion can be seen as resistance against shifts in cultural policy that are perceived as adaptations to market values or politicization. The results render visible the political aspects of the concept of quality in state support.

Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Forsknings- och utbildningsnämnden vid Högskolan i Borås framläggs till offentlig granskning klockan 09:30 fredagen den 15 november 2013 i sal E310, Högskolan i Borås, Allégatan 1, Borås.

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Pour contribuer à l’objectif de contenir le réchauffement climatique à 1,5°C, le gouvernement français a adopté l'objectif de zéro émission nette de gaz à effet de serre d'ici 2050. Le principal gaz à effet de serre étant le dioxyde de carbone, et la plupart des émissions de CO2 étant dues à la combustion d'énergies fossiles, cette thèse porte sur l'atteinte de la neutralité carbone des émissions françaises de CO2 liées à l'énergie d'ici 2050. Cette thèse vise à étudier le rôle relatif des différentes options bas-carbone dans le secteur de l'énergie pour atteindre la neutralité carbone. Plus précisément, cette thèse étudie d'abord le secteur électrique français, d'abord dans un système entièrement renouvelable, et ensuite dans un en intégrant d'autres options d'atténuation, c'est-à-dire l'énergie nucléaire et la capture et le stockage du carbone. J'étudie l'impact des incertitudes liées au développement des coûts des énergies renouvelables et des options de stockage et j'aborde la question de la robustesse d'un système électrique entièrement renouvelable face aux incertitudes liées aux coûts. Plus tard, en ajoutant d'autres options bas-carbone dans le secteur de l'électricité, j'analyse le rôle relatif des différentes options. De même, pour encourager les investissem*nts dans des sources d'énergie renouvelables telles que l'énergie éolienne et solaire, j’étudie le risque d'investissem*nt lié à la volatilité des prix et des volumes des technologies d'électricité renouvelable, et les performances de différents régimes de soutien publique. L'analyse de cette thèse va au-delà du système électrique et considère également l'ensemble du système énergétique en présence d'un couplage sectoriel. Au cours de cette thèse, j’ai développé une famille de modèles d'optimisation de l’investissem*nt et du fonctionnement pour répondre à différentes questions concernant la transition énergétique française. Ces modèles minimisent le coût du système considéré (système électrique ou système énergétique dans son ensemble) en satisfaisant l'équilibre offre/demande à chaque heure pendant au moins un an, en respectant les principales contraintes techniques et opérationnelles et liées aux ressources et à l'usage des sols. Ainsi, la variabilité à court et à long terme des énergies renouvelables est prise en compte. En utilisant ces modèles, je réponds aux questions soulevées ci-dessus. Ces modèles ne sont pas utilisés pour trouver une seule solution optimale, mais plusieurs solutions optimales en fonction de différents scénarios de conditions météorologiques, de coûts, de demande énergétique et de disponibilité des technologies. Par conséquent, l'importance de la robustesse face aux incertitudes est au centre de la méthodologie utilisée, ainsi que l'optimalité. Les résultats de ma thèse montrent que les sources d’énergie renouvelable sont les principaux facilitateurs de la transition énergétique, non-seulement dans le système électrique mais aussi dans l'ensemble du système énergétique. Bien que l'élimination de l'énergie nucléaire n'augmente que marginalement le coût d'un système énergétique neutre en carbone, l'élimination des énergies renouvelables est associée à des inefficacités élevées tant du point de vue des coûts que des émissions. En fait, si le gaz renouvelable n'est pas disponible, même un coût social du carbone de 500 €/tCO2 ne suffira pas pour atteindre la neutralité carbone. Cela est dû en partie aux émissions négatives qu'il peut produire avec le captage et le stockage du carbone, et en partie à la rentabilité des moteurs à combustion interne alimentés au gaz renouvelable. Le message central de cette thèse est que pour atteindre la neutralité carbone au moindre coût, il faut un système d'énergie largement renouvelable. Par conséquent, si nous voulons donner la priorité aux investissem*nts dans les options à faible émission de carbone, les technologies de gaz et d'électricité renouvelables sont de la plus haute importance
To stay in line with 1.5°C of global warming, the French government has adopted the target of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The main greenhouse gas being carbon dioxide, and the majority of its emissions being due to energy combustion, this dissertation focuses on reaching carbon-neutrality in French energy-related CO2 emissions by 2050. This thesis dissertation aims to study the relative role of different low-carbon mitigation options in the energy sector in reaching carbon-neutrality. More precisely, this thesis first studies the French power sector, first in a fully renewable power system, and second in a power system containing other mitigation options i.e. nuclear energy and carbon capture and storage. I study the impact of uncertainties related to cost development of renewables and storage options and address the robustness of a fully renewable power system to cost uncertainties. Later, adding other low-carbon mitigation options in the power sector, I analyze the relative role of different low-carbon options. Similarly, to incentivize the investments in variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, I study the investment risk related to the price and volume volatility of renewable electricity technologies, and the performance of different public policy support schemes. The analysis in this thesis goes beyond the electricity system and it also considers the whole energy system in the presence of sector-coupling. During this thesis, I have developed a family of models optimizing dispatch and investment to answer different questions regarding the French energy transition. These models minimize the cost of the considered system (electricity system or the whole energy system) by satisfying the supply/demand equilibrium at each hour over at least one year, respecting the main technical and operational, resource related and land-use constraints. Thus, both short-term and long-term variability of renewable energy sources are taken into account. Using these models, I address the questions raised above. These models are not used to find a single optimal solution, but several optimal solutions depending on different weather, cost, energy demand and technology availability scenarios. Therefore, the importance of robustness to the uncertainties is at the center of the used methodology beside optimality. The findings of my thesis show that renewable energy supply sources are the main enablers of reaching carbon neutrality in a cost-effective way, no matter the considered energy system; either only electricity or the whole energy system. While the elimination of nuclear power barely increases the cost of a carbon-neutral energy system, the elimination of renewables is associated with high inefficiencies both from the cost and emission points of view. In fact, if renewable gas is not available, even a social cost of carbon of €500/tCO2 will not be enough to reach carbon-neutrality. This is partially due to the negative emissions that it can provide once combined with carbon capture and storage, and partially due to the cost-optimality of renewable gas-fired internal combustion engines in reaching carbon-neutrality in the transport sector. This dissertation has several important policy-related messages; however, the central one is that reaching carbon-neutrality for the lowest cost requires a highly renewable energy system. Therefore, if we are to prioritize investment in low-carbon options, renewable gas and electricity technologies are of the highest importance

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The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the dynamics of family support and public pension systems, and their impact on late-life happiness in contemporary South Korea. For this, three specific research questions, namely (1) the dynamics of intergenerational solidarity, public pension systems, and happiness; (2) the association between intergenerational solidarity and happiness; and (3) the association between public pension systems and happiness, are analysed by exploiting the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The analyses show that (1) the structural solidarity of older people is relatively stronger than of middle-aged people; (2) contacting is the key player in associational solidarity in later life; (3) middle-aged people supply more financial aid to their adult children than they receive from them, but the reverse applies to older people. Both middle-aged and older people actively exchange food, household items, and health-care supplies; (4) more older men receive the National Pension Scheme benefit than older women but the reverse is true for the Basic Old-Age Pension benefit; (5) the level of happiness in later life is very high but decreases as people age; (6) the number of adult children, frequency of contact, and amount of financial support are positively associated with the happiness of older people; and (7) the National Pension Scheme is positively associated with the happiness of older men while the Basic Old-Age Pension is negatively associated with the happiness of older people. The results suggest some policy implications for late-life happiness in contemporary South Korea. At the individual level, increased frequency of contact, availability of the children, and the amount of financial support can enhance late-life happiness. At the governmental level, the research suggests that the gendered structure of the National Pension Scheme and means-tested structure of the Basic Old-Age Pension should be reformed.

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碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系專班
92
Bluetooth is a promising wireless technology to form the personal area network and is being applied in versatile areas including both IP and non-IP protocol services. The current existing Medium Access Control (MAC) scheduling scheme only provides best-effort for all master-slave connections. Because the feature of master driven Time Division Duplex (TDD), it is a challenge to provide Quality of Service (QoS) in the Bluetooth piconet. Besides, the Bluetooth standard doesn’t address how to meet the QoS requirements. Previous studies have been addressed this issue, however all woks of these approaches require to modify the existing Bluetooth specification and devices. To solve the problem, some requirements must be met: (1) practicability for the existing Bluetooth specification and devices, (2) differential treatment in accordance with protocol services, (3) easy deployment without any changes to slaves.　　In this thesis, a policy-based resource management scheme is proposed in the Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) layer of master to provide QoS for both IP and non-IP packets on existing devices without any modification of Bluetooth specification. The prototype is implemented and tested in Linux platform. Experimental results show that our scheme regulates the traffic of specific protocol services under the predefined constrained rate and offers more bandwidth for others in Bluetooth piconet. Meanwhile, the tradeoff of total bandwidth utilization is less than 5%.

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South Africa, in common with many other developing countries, embarked on an import substitution policy to promote development and industrialisation. Although initially successful, it was recognised in the late 1960s that the scope for further import substitution was limited and that alternative development strategies should be embarked upon. Unfortunately, the years of import substitution resulted in high levels of protection and consequently an anti-export bias. In 1972, under the leadership of Dr Reynders, a commission found that South Africa should embark upon a policy of export promotion. In 1980 a new form of export incentive was introduced, viz. Category A and B. Category A incentives were aimed at neutralising the effects of import substitution and compensated exporters fifty per cent of the duty payable on inputs, regardless of whether the inputs were imported or not. Category B incentives compensated exporters for the consequences of cost increasing on non-intermediate inputs because of the import substitution policy and was calculated on the value added. Exporters also enjoyed various grants and tax breaks to enable them to undertake export marketing. The schemes were unsuccessful and were replace by a General Export Incentive Scheme (GElS) in 1990. The main aim of the GElS was to encourage the export of manufactured products. With the means of an econometric model, the success of GElS is evaluated on a sectoral basis. GElS brought with it rent seeking, corruption, lobbying, and threats of countervailing duties. In addition to the enormous costs, exceeding R6 billion, there were other bureaucratic costs. In general, the GElS was not successful. The sectors that did benefit from receiving GElS benefits were the tobacco industry, footwear, furniture, metal products, and electrical machinery. In most cases, exporters would have exported with or without GElS. GElS was simply a windfall. Policy-makers failed to recognise the dynamics of exporting. GElS contributed neither to additional exports, export capacity nor to a sustained competitive advantage. import substitution policy to promote development and industrialisation. Although initially successful, it was recognised in the late 1960s that the scope for further import substitution was limited and that alternative development strategies should be embarked upon. Unfortunately, the years of import substitution resulted in high levels of protection and consequently an anti-export bias. In 1972, under the leadership of Dr Reynders, a commission found that South Africa should embark upon a policy of export promotion. In 1980 a new form of export incentive was introduced, viz. Category A and B. Category A incentives were aim.ed at neutralising the effects of import substitution and compensated exporters fifty per cent of the duty payable on inputs, regardless of whether the inputs were imported or not. Category B incentives compensated exporters for the consequences of cost increasing on non-intermediate inputs because of the import substitution policy and was calculated on the value added. Exporters also enjoyed various grants and tax breaks to enable them to undertake export marketing. The schemes were unsuccessful and were replace by a General Export Incentive Scheme (GElS) in 1990. The main aim of the GElS was to encourage the export of manufactured products. With the means of an econometric model, the success of GElS is evaluated on a sectoral basis. GElS brought with it rent seeking, corruption, lobbying, and threats of countervailing duties. In addition to the enormous costs, exceeding R6 billion, there were other bureaucratic costs. In general, the GElS was not successful. The sectors that did benefit from receiving GElS benefits were the tobacco industry, footwear, furniture, metal products, and electrical machinery. In most cases, exporters would have exported with or without GElS. GElS was simply a windfall. Policy-makers failed to recognise the dynamics of exporting. GElS contributed neither to additional exports, export capacity nor to a sustained competitive advantage.
Thesis (M.Com.)-University of Natal, 1996.

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AbstractThis chapter aims to identify the supply chain (SC) issues that can be considered “horizontal”, as they are cross–sectorial and faced by most companies operating both in production and distribution sectors, and to propose a set of policy recommendations that can support public and private organisations to promote and foster innovation and competitiveness of future European SCs. The definition of the Key Horizontal Issues (KHI) is the basis for developing 12 policy recommendations regarding infrastructure requirements, technological and organisational improvements and regulatory developments needed to set the stage for the European SCs for the future. Specifically, the policy recommendations entail assuring appropriate standards and legislation for European SCs; educating and training professionals for the future SCs; drafting of international agreements aiming at future European SCs; supporting and fostering incentives and funding schemes; promoting reference bodies for European SCs; and establishing infrastructure for fostering of future European SCs.

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AbstractThis chapter synthesizes our arguments with a discussion on how to re-organize the ideas and praxis of social welfare policy in India with a perspective into the future. We argue that fostering development resilience—as the scope of social welfare programs—requires a stronger citizen-state social contract, a pact which recognizes human deprivation not only as material poverty but also along multiple dimensions of well-being. Social welfare programs, therefore, must be thought of as multiple forms of support—with a focus on deprivations along the life-cycle—which together comprise a risk absorbing social welfare ‘system.’ The ability to foster a resilient development process in the future would require this system to be complemented with strong public systems—infrastructure and citizen empowerment—which enable citizens to attain their human capabilities once the risks are taken care of. Building such a welfare system would not only require greater fiscal space—through tax revenues, resources, and rationalization of subsidies—and strengthened state capacity to improve last-mile delivery, but also a prescient understanding of the newer risks and vulnerabilities in the context of rapid economic and social change.

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AbstractThis chapter investigates the enabling conditions and policy settings that are more conducive to the uptake of NAS and discusses how to effectively engage with the insurance sector as part of that process. It covers frequently cited issues that limit NBS implementation that also directly relate to NAS and offers insights on how to address them. It highlights opportunities and challenges to further support the mobilization of green infrastructure as part of NAS schemes by building on the relevant learnings and resources from the NAIAD project.

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AbstractEnergy inclusion is a major concern in Tanzania, where rural areas are widely lacking access to both power networks and off-grid systems. Different barriers are slowing the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7: universal electrification in the country raises concerns in delays and equity. Financial exclusion adds to the complexity of adopting appropriate technological solutions, particularly for rural communities. Solar photovoltaic solutions represent an opportunity to increase energy access and enable growth. The introduction of new technological products requires to establish local power markets, including demand, financial resources and providers, supply mechanisms and after-sale services. The financing of renewable energy solutions for rural households partially relies on microfinance institutions and community financial groups. Technology suppliers are also providing financial services to expand access to solar and photovoltaic products, applying models mostly enabled by mobile payment systems. The paper assesses the effects of an initiative implemented in Malinyi and Kilombero districts to support the establishment of local solar power markets. The involvement of Village Community Banks to engage communities and develop sustainable financial schemes is evaluated, together with the complexity of combining awareness raising on technological solutions and financial education. Results of the implementation are presented and discussed evaluating the different ingredients of the established markets.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the development of UK child migration to Australia in the inter-war period. Following the opening of Kingsley Fairbridge’s experimental farm school for child migrants at Pinjarra in 1913, the 1920s and 1930s saw a gradual increase in the number of voluntary societies involved in this work and of residential institutions in Australia receiving child migrants. The growth of these programmes in the wider context of the UK Government’s assisted migration policies is discussed. During the 1930s, the global financial depression weakened governmental support for assisted migration, and greater caution emerged within the UK Government about the value of some planned migration schemes. Nevertheless, by 1939, child migration to Australia was seen by UK policy-makers as a small but important part of the attempt to strengthen ties with Britain’s Dominions and to make more efficient use of their collective human and material resources.

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AbstractThis chapter describes the research conducted in the Lower Danube case study to understand the role of natural assurance schemes in complex natural, economic and social contexts. In order to improve the accuracy, replicability and the scalability of the natural assurance scheme to be developed and potentially implemented, we have concentrated our efforts on the Dabuleni-Potelu-Corabia (DPC) enclosure, a land reclamation area exposed to water-related risks. NAIAD Project proposed the implementation of a wetland restoration project by designing a Nature Based Solution (NBS) for dealing with flood risk. The implementation in the Romanian case study aimed at providing support to facilitate both local collaboration between the different stakeholders and the engagement of these local stakeholders in decision-making and policy setting, by integrating their (local) knowledge with the results of scientific models. The entire process aimed to design intervention scenarios based on NBS implementation and the key co-benefits to be produced, followed by the assessment of its effectiveness.Furthermore, to assess the DPC enclosure vulnerability to water-related hazards, we performed an economic assessment based on the literature review and the development of a GIS infra-territorial indicator methodology. The GIS-based indicators can support the lack of insurance data, with the objective to define the most exposed areas. The literature review together with the GIS analysis were able to provide a reliable cost estimation of the damage related to destroyed and affected dwellings. This indicator should be a tool to help the decision-making process to assess the case study vulnerability and to select the more appropriate NBS.

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AbstractWestern economies are struggling to recover from a decade of Plagued by structural crises, an ongoing pandemic, high unemployment and sluggish growth. As progressively looser monetary and fiscal policies have not helped, both the EU and national governments have increasingly turned towards interventionist industrial policies. Mariana Mazzucato’s The Entrepreneurial State (2011) provided an intellectual justification for these efforts, and consequently gained popularity. The message was clear: in order to get more innovation, entrepreneurship, sustainable development and growth we need more government, not less. In this book, 30 international scholars address the core ideas underpinning the entrepreneurial state. We provide evidence of both historical and recent failures of “green deals” and similar efforts, while also developing novel directions for innovation policy. In many regards, this book is a warning: huge government schemes towards specific, noble outcomes have historically been plagued with failures. In sum, we argue that innovation policy needs to be inverted: instead of being specific and targeted, it needs to be broad and general, focusing on the general conditions for firms to operate. Instead of providing targeted support to certain firms, industries or even technologies, innovation policy needs to constructively deal with barriers to innovation, including the proactive handling of vested interest groups.

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AbstractIn the European Union, SMEs represent as much as 99% of businesses, but only 3 out of 10 companies have some international involvement. EU policy makers perceive SMEs internationalization as a desired path for global growth; thus, they have put forward certain tools which aim to boost the pace and scope of internationalization, i.e., by creating and facilitating access to support activities, sharing information, promoting cluster and networking initiatives, making support schemes consistent throughout the EU, etc. (Della Corte, Handbook of research on startegic Management in Small and Medium Enterprises. IGI Global, 2014). However, a vital point in creating a successful internationalization framework requires understanding that SMEs internationalization models may and do differ from those of multinational enterprises (MNEs). SMEs have a different structure, and they act differently, since their aims vary from those of MNEs (Knight and Liesch, Journal of World Business 51(1): 93–102, 2016; Buckley, Journal of World Business, 51(1): 74–82, 2016).Former studies of European SMEs indicate that there are specific traits of company characteristics that determine their internationalization process. Amongst the distinguished factors, size, activities performed, age, and experience counted as the most significant determinants of the expansion. However, these findings refer to occurrences dating back at least 5 years. In the era of rapid digitalization and—still—ongoing globalization, the impact of these factors might have diminished, making place for others. Therefore, the rising importance of digitalization calls for the need to identify new barriers and opportunities for SMEs to become international.The aim of this chapter is to see whether and how digitalization has influenced the internationalization models of Polish SMEs. We do not provide quantitative analysis that would allow us to statistically verify hypotheses on that matter; however, given the recent developments of the business world and internationalization trends, we assume that digitalization has had an impact on how companies expand abroad nowadays. The study has a screening aim and should allow us to determine whether, in the case of the Polish context, the matter requires further pursuit. The remainder of this chapter is structured as follows: first, we discuss the internationalization models which commonly referred to the international expansion of SMEs. Secondly, we discuss how digitalization can influence the process and its determinants. Finally, we present our research results based on quasi-focus group discussion with Polish SMEs. The study concerned the impact the digitalization has on the internationalization experience of those companies.

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It is estimated that within the next 40 years, solar thermal power plants would be capable of supplying more than half of the electricity needs of EUMENA. While solar irradiance differs widely in Europe due to seasonal variations, in the MENA region, there is abundant and continuous solar irradiance. This make the MENA region suitable for establishing CSP plants and exporting the electricity generated to Europe. This has driven many institutions and agencies, including the World Bank and the Desertec Foundation, to propose various schemes to promote the use of CSP systems in the MENA region. The objective of this paper is to examine the existing policy and regulatory frameworks in the MENA countries, identify any barriers and make recommendations on how to surmount these barriers, to increase the scale and scope of utilizing CSPs and other renewable energy technologies (RETs) in the region. The paper concludes by making a number of policy and regulatory recommendations to support utilization of solar thermal energy resource within the MENA region.

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With the determination to achieve 100% carbon free energy generation by 2050, renewable energy has been widely accepted as a feasible option for environmentally friendly and inclusive economic growth. Giving priority to this support mechanism is vital to upholding a steady and conducive atmosphere for investment in this sector while meeting the anticipated target in the energy system in an economical way, and policy makers reveal that auctions have reached their pinnacle in due course of time. Merely 29 states had applied renewable energy auctions up to the end of 2017 and their number increased to 41 in 2019. The present study aims to prepare a roadmap for achieving the carbon free green energy production target within the stipulated period while meeting future energy demand through a cost-effective auctioning scheme. The research outlines the feasibility of suggested auctioning schemes, highlighting some country-specific empirical evidence and potential benefits for countries. For this, qualitative research has been conducted to summarize and assess the necessary conditions to develop an auctioning model. The results indicate that for the emerging economics that are provided with renewable energy sources, technology-neutral site-specific volume auctions systematically scheduled, together with socio-economic development instruments under qualification requirement, result in diversified gains.

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The POERUP project This paper presents research, analysis and policy recommendations from the POERUP (Policies for OER Up Take) project. The overall aim is to develop policies to promote the uptake of OER, especially across the EU, in all main educational sectors. The project has already created an inventory of more than 400 OER initiatives worldwide, documented on the project wiki. POERUP has produced 11 country reports and 19 mini-reports and is finalising seven case studies of notable OER initiatives. Outcomes of our research In the schools sector, it appears that there are very large numbers of European OERs which are potentially appropriate for K-12 education, a significant proportion of which emanate from museums, galleries, archives and national broadcasters. Although there appears to be some uncertainty concerning the availability of K-12 OER, they form potentially a valuable element in policy responses to austerity and to improve the learner experience in the school sector. However our research reports a range of barriers and disincentives to using OER. Although the development of vocational training has been a subject of enhanced political cooperation at the European level during the past decade, only one of the notable OER initiatives we have catalogued is targeted towards the VET sector and there is little evidence of any national or regional policies on OER for VET. In Universities the various schemes for quality in OER are so far ignored by national HE quality agencies or governments - not surprising when they mostly ignore similar schemes for quality in e-learning, even though e-learning (on- or off-campus) has far greater penetration than OER. Types of policy interventions Our research leads us to recommend three strands of policy interventions: o Linking OER to open access to research and to standards. o Fostering the phenomena that OER is said to facilitate. o Reducing the barriers to creation of innovative institutions and innovative practices. POERUP has produced three draft EU-level policy documents for universities, VET and schools. This paper integrates recommendations from the three sectors. POERUP is also producing policy documents for 5 Member States. Policy recommendations for the Commission and Member States OER is part of the broader fields of e-learning and distance learning and many of our recommendations are applicable in these broader contexts. They are grouped under seven headings and all are mapped against Opening Up Education; recommendations to Member States are specified. Communication and awareness raising: o Continue to promote the OER related initiatives currently being funded. o Facilitate exchange of experiences from national programmes between Member States. o Mount a campaign to educate university and school staff on IPR issues. Funding mechanisms and licensing issues o Ensure that any public outputs from EU programmes are available as open resources. o Continue to promote the availability and accessibility of open resources created through its cultural sector programmes. o Create an innovation fund for the development of online learning resources and assembling/ creating pathways to credentials. o Use Erasmus+ and Horizon 2020 to encourage partnerships between creators of educational content to increase the supply of quality OER and other digital educational materials in different languages, to develop new business models and to develop technical solutions. o Establish a European Hub of Digitally Innovative Education institutions, complemented by a specific European Award of Digital Excellence. o Authorities developing the EHEA should reduce the regulatory barriers against new non-study-time-based modes of provision. o Encourage Member States to increase their scrutiny of the cost basis for university teaching and consider the benefits of output-based funding for qualifications. o Support the development of technological methods to provide more and standardised information on IPR to the users of digital educational content. o Member States should ensure that budgets for digital educational resources are flexible enough to support the development (and maintenance) of openly licensed materials. Quality issues o Require OER to meet (disability) accessibility standards and should ensure that accessibility is a central tenet of all OER programmes and initiatives. o Establish a European quality assurance standard for OER content produced in Europe. o Member States should ensure that OER are allowed to be included on approved instructional materials lists. o Member States should consider establishing and funding an OER evaluation and adoption panel. Teacher training and continuous professional development o Encourage Member States to establish incentive and award schemes for teachers engaged in online professional development of their pedagogic skills, including online learning. o Member States should establish a professional development programme to support CPD on the creation, use and re-use of OER, with coverage of distance learning, MOOCs and IPR issues. Certification and accreditation o Drive forward the development of EQF and encourage Europe-wide validation of learning acquired online. o Foster the development of transnational accrediting agencies and mutual recognition of accreditations across the EU. o Explore and test digital competence frameworks and self-assessment tools for learners, teachers and organisations, including the tailoring of 'open badges' to the needs of learners. Infrastructure issues o Continue its focus on improving the ICT in education infrastructure in Members States to enable them to exploit potential pedagogical and financial advantages of OER. Further research o Develop its understanding of new modes of learning (including online, distance, OER and MOOCs) and how they impact quality assurance and recognition. o Support research into the benefits of OER & sustainable business models. o Launch a platform open to all stakeholders to record and benchmark the digital state of educational institutions.

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The United States is undergoing a national wood revival. This wood revival’s nascent emergence suggests that architects are (again) becoming more familiar and comfortable with the advantages associated with wood-based construction, albeit slowly and in a piecemeal fashion. What appears to be missing from the wood revival, however, is not the sense of aesthetics or utility but rather the sense of urgency. After years spent teaching seminars to practicing architects, engineers, building/fire inspectors and officials (including in the wildland-urban interface or WUI) and teaching forest policy and wood products classes to university students, including about fire-retardant-treated wood (FRTW), class participants seemingly lack awareness of the connections between wood utilization and forest health based on questions they ask of the instructor during class. This paper will strengthen the case for building (stronger) connections between architecture university programs and forestry/wood products academic programs in the United States. First, this paper will review recent data concerning both the current housing crisis as well as the current forest health/wildfire crisis in the United States, suggesting that addressing the forest health/wildfire crisis sustainably could help address the housing crisis simultaneously. Next, this paper will briefly qualitatively review professional architectural and forestry/wood product-focused organization accreditation schemes. Finally, the paper will suggest ways to adopt simple and inexpensive changes in pedagogy to help build those stronger connections in the absence of support from accreditation guidelines, with an emphasis on building with wood in the WUI.

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There has been a significant interest in long period gratings, primarily due to their applications in gain-flattened erbium doped fibre amplifiers [1]. Up till now, cladding modes supported by the glass-air interface of an optical fibre have been used in a forward mode coupling scheme involving also the guided fundamental mode of the optical fibre. Here we propose an alternative technique. In a single mode depressed cladding fibre of an appropriate design (an example is given in fig. 1), the higher order LP11 mode can be made to be a leaky mode in such a structure, i.e. it can propagate for a short length before being stripped off the high index region beyond the depressed cladding. This enables coupling between the guided fundamental LP01 and leaky LP11 modes, despite the fact that the optical fibre is single-moded. This coupling was first observed in [2], where a Bragg grating caused strong coupling into the backward-propagating leaky LP11 mode and much weaker coupling into a series of cladding modes. In a forward coupling scheme with a long period gratings (several hundred micrometres pitch), the LP01 mode can be coupled into the forward propagating leaky LP11 mode, therefore creating a loss peak in the transmission in the same way as when the LP01 mode is coupled into a cladding mode supported by the glass-air interface of the optical fibre which is subsequently stripped off over the coated section of the optical fibre. Two advantages are anticipated, I) potentially much stronger coupling due to the much large modal overlap possible and II), insensitivity to the glass-air interface as the LP11 mode is supported mainly by the core. It must be stressed that as the LP11 mode is an asymmetrical mode, the coupling from LP01 to LP11 will not occur if a circularly symmetrical grating is written over the core of the fibre, but this is not usually a problem when H2 or D2 loading is used, because of the asymmetry of the index change in such gratings due to strong absorption induced at the writing wavelength.

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The European Commission aims to ensure coherence between environmental, climate, energy and industrial policy to create optimal business environments for sustainable growth and innovations, in a way that enhances the competitiveness of European industry, while moving towards a more resource efficient, circular economy. Sustainability needs to be mainstreamed into all areas of industrial policy to help European businesses to unlock first mover advantage and gain a competitive edge. The Dorothy project is inspired by the contents of the “Flagship Initiative for a resource-efficient Europe under the Europe 2020 strategy”. The Dorothy Project is targeted to develop the potential of innovation and research in the four Regions composing the Consortium in the field of Urban Logistics, which represent the specific application topic of the proposal, and is one of the main focuses of attention of the Flagship Initiative. The industrial environnent is the main actor on the research and innovation regional driven Clusters The Dorothy project has achieved the result of setting up three Regional Innovation Clusters in: Valencia – Spain, Lisbon – Portugal and Craiova – Romania, under the mentoring action of the already existing Tuscany Cluster in Firenze. They operate in the field of Urban Logistics. This achievement must be made durable in time and the cooperation among the Dorothy Clusters must be ensured over the time after the end of the project. For this reason, among the other activities carried out by the project, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) have been defined and signed among the four Clusters in form of a multilateral and mutual agreement among them. This paper explain the contents and the importance in the JAP – Joint Action Plan, of the thematic area 3 about regional clusters development, the target of the overall Thematic Area, why has been chosen as a Thematic Area, shortly remind the actions that are contained in the Thematic Area. The action fields and related actions are organized under 6 areas:1. Innovative ICT solutions to support advanced UL regulation schemes2. Open data architectures to support urban logistics3. Proximity delivery areas4. Cooperation agreement among the Dorothy Clusters5. Reverse logistics6. Cooperation with other existing Clusters and networks.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4262

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The increasing frequency and magnitude of adverse meteorological events together with the growing uncertainty in the upcoming future pose more and more challenges to agriculture. Therefore, the future sustainability of agriculture will increasingly depend on its resilience, i.e. the capacity to withstand various perturbations and to recover from them. The direct payment (DP) system of the EU Common agricultural policy (CAP) is the most financed EU support scheme for agriculture; however, research on its impact on the important phenomena of resilience is scarce and fragmented. In order to fill this gap, this paper offers an extensive overview of literature and a summarized list of factors that are mentioned most often as potentially influencing the agricultural resilience. Based on this, the possible impact of DP on agricultural resilience was analyzed. In this paper, it is argued that this impact is transferred mostly through changing farms’ financial capabilities as well as farmers’ attitudes and behavior, and is both positive and negative. Such phenomena as low crop insurance uptake and decrease in productivity may be due to the overcrowding effects of direct payments. These hypotheses are being tested in a survey, conducted in the meantime.

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The article consists of three sections - two descriptive and one prescriptive. The first one proposes an analysis of the crisis phenomena in the settlement system: from its imbalance and delegation of the functions of strategizing spatial development from the state to development, to the absence in the Gradcodex of a provision on the development of the General Scheme of settlement and monopolization, the absorption of SMEs in the field of development. The second includes a list of the consequences of maintaining the status quo in the field of resettlement: from desertification of the country's territories and depopulation, spurred on by the migration of the population to the largest cities, to a further increase in the number of storeys and building density with the miniaturization of apartments in high-rises and the continuation of the policy of deindustrialization of the country. The third section formulates proposals aimed at changing the country's spatial development strategy, among them - the development of a General Settlement Scheme in the field of low-rise housing in accordance with the principles formulated by the Initiative Group, and a Strategy for the placement and development of productive forces, aimed at dispersed placement of production capacities, inventory of low-rise construction technologies, development of organizational and financial mechanisms to support low-rise construction based on accumulated regional experience, reorientation of transport infrastructure construction from a limited number of agglomerations towards the development of projects aimed at linking the country's space, legislative limitation of monopolization processes in the field of development and construction, creation Committee for Architecture and Urban Planning under the President of the Russian Federation, whose tasks would include, first of all, the strategizing of spatial development, etc.

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Encouraging technology-based entrepreneurship is central to the policy agendas of governmental and non-governmental economic development agencies in many industrialised and newly-industrialising countries. Entrepreneurs are central to venture creation and evidence indicates that, following secondary and, typically, tertiary education, most work for one or more employers prior to establishing a technology-based venture on their own or with others. As a result of this “entrepreneurial apprenticeship” many technology entrepreneurs establish businesses in their mid- to late thirties. Developing a thorough understanding of product/service markets and devising strategies to access, serve and support customers are major challenges for founders of technology-based businesses. Ventures established by individuals or groups with relevant commercial experience benefit from the knowhow and networks of their founders. This paper explores the role of university business plan competitions in stimulating entrepreneurial activity and technology transfer from two universities in Northern Ireland by focusing on entrants in the 2007 £25k Enterprise Award Scheme business planning competition. Such initiatives tend to attract students/recent graduates and members of university staff which raises the question as to how such teams develop commercially-robust ventures, given that, on the face of it, most have little or no commercial experience. Based upon analysis of the business plans of the top ten ventures from the 2007 competition this paper explores characteristics of the entrepreneurial teams, their choice of product/service offerings and aspects of the markets they target.

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Trade policy provides a powerful set of levers for accelerating a transition to more inclusive and sustainable agricultural practices. Yet, trade in agriculture is often reliant on unsustainable methods of production, misaligned to tackling hunger, inadequate in support for decent farmer livelihoods, with negative climate and environmental impacts. Several countries are pioneering efforts to reform agricultural support schemes. This briefing highlights two key priorities in aligning trade policy with efforts to reform support for a transition to sustainable and inclusive food systems: core environmental standards coupled with scaling finance to support global South producer compliance.

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This comprehensive report delves into the economic policy responses of the Nordic countries amidst the tumultuous period marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, the subsequent recovery phase, the energy crisis, and inflation spanning from 2020 to 2023. It provides a critical examination of the macroeconomic strategies employed during these challenging times, highlighting the lessons learned and the effectiveness of different policies. The report raises pivotal questions regarding the outcomes of these policies, their impact on the Nordic economies, and the lessons that these countries can glean from each other's experiences. Key Findings and Highlights: Fiscal Support Measures: The report evaluates the unprecedented fiscal support measures implemented by the Nordic countries during the pandemic. It discusses how these measures, while stabilizing the economies, resulted in overgenerous subsidies to firms, indicating areas for future refinement. Job Retention Schemes: An analysis of job retention schemes reveals their critical role in preserving employment during the pandemic. The report suggests that while effective, these schemes should be designed to avoid hindering necessary structural changes within the economies. Fiscal Policy Challenges: The need for fiscal policies that can stabilize the business cycle, provide household income loss insurance, allow for public investment, and address the needs of an ageing population is emphasized. It argues for debt financing beyond current limits to meet urgent investment needs. Energy Crisis and Green Transition: The energy crisis is examined as a case study in balancing immediate relief with long-term sustainability goals. The report discusses the importance of allowing price mechanisms to encourage the green transition while providing timely support to consumers and businesses. Overall the report underscores the importance of policy adaptability, advocating for economic policies that can swiftly respond to unforeseen crises without compromising long-term fiscal sustainability. It calls for targeted support measures that aid vulnerable households and firms during economic downturns without impeding structural adjustments. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity for adequate resources towards active labour market policies, including vocational training and subsidized employment. Facing intricate trade-offs between maintaining robust economic policy frameworks and adapting to new challenges, the Nordic countries stand at a crossroads. The report advocates for a vibrant exchange of policy insights and impacts, stressing the need for adaptable, targeted, and well-resourced economic policies. This report is essential reading for policymakers, economists, and anyone interested in the complexities of economic policy-making in the face of multiple crises. It offers a thorough analysis of the Nordic experience, providing valuable lessons for both the region and beyond.

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This presentation comments on Manuel Trajtenberg¿s paper Innovation Policy for Development. The purpose of that paper includes discussing innovation policy guidelines for developing countries and employing the Israeli experience to derive lessons for growth-promoting innovation policies, among others. Comments arise from the main issues introduced by the paper and are organized as follows: 1. What is the scope of innovation in developing economies: R&D vs. other innovation activities. Distribution across firms and sectors; 2. Evidence on how partial appropriability and credit market problems affect innovation decisions; 3. Policy instruments: how government support schemes have worked in developing countries vis-a-vis developed ones. This presentation was created for the Second LAEBA Annual Meeting, held at Buenos Aires, Argentina, on November 28-29, 2005.

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This paper describes the conceptualization, development and implementation of the National Health Fund in Jamaica. Established in 2003, the NHF provides direct assistance to patients for drug purchases and funding support to private and public organizations for approved projects. The NHF marks a new strategic approach to the introduction of national health financing schemes utilizing the EHPO© analytical model. EHPO© (Evaluating Health Policy Options) helps policymakers develop strategies and options and includes an interactive, dynamic computer model that is used to evaluate benefit coverage options and their financial risks. The paper examines the desirable features of national health financing systems, the Jamaica public policy context and the role of EHPO© in analyzing health benefits and coverage, financial risk and liability. It suggests lessons to other countries for the design of healthcare benefits coverage, financing, provider payment mechanisms and public policy implementation.

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Millions of people around the world do not have access to adequate sanitation facilities, undermining progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6.2 that calls for adequate and equitable sanitation for all. Efforts to improve sanitation outcomes have been rapidly accelerated in the past decade alongside an expansion of different financial incentives or subsidies to promote access to services and motivate sanitation behaviour. In parallel, social protection has become part and parcel of development policy, with many low- and middle-income countries now offering some form of cash transfers to those most vulnerable. Comprehensive interventions that couple financial transfers with complementary support such as behaviour change communication, training, or coaching have also grown increasingly popular. Despite similarities between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) subsidy schemes and social protection interventions, these policy areas have largely developed in silos and limited cross-sectoral learning has taken place. This paper begins to fill this knowledge gap by assessing the potential for comprehensive social protection in addressing sanitation outcomes and drawing out policy implications for the social protection and WASH communities. It does so by focusing on a social protection programme in the context of extreme poverty in rural Haiti.

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Employment charters are voluntary initiatives that attempt to describe ‘good’ employment practices and to engage and recognise those employers that meet or aspire to meet these practices. They can operate at different spatial scales, ranging from international and national accreditation schemes to local charters that focus on engaging employers in specific regions or cities. The latter are the focus of this briefing paper. At least six city-regions in England had local employment charters at the time of our research. These areas alone account for over a fifth (21 per cent) of the resident working-age population (based on ONS 2022 population estimates), highlighting the potential reach and significance of these voluntary initiatives in terms of setting employment standards, although the number of employers directly accredited with local schemes is still relatively small. Despite their popularity with policymakers, there is only limited research on local employment charters. A few studies have explored issues relating to the design, implementation and evaluation of charters, reflecting demand from policymakers for toolkits and support to develop local policy initiatives (e.g. Crozier, 2022). But several years into the implementation of some of these charter initiatives, and as more areas look to develop their own, we argue that it is time to revisit some more foundational questions around what local charters are for, and how far they can support ‘good work’ agendas. It remains to be seen which employers can and will engage substantively with these initiatives, how employer commitments might be validated and the good employment criteria enforced, and how local charters will be integrated with local authority commissioning and procurement practices (TUC, 2022). The local charters that have emerged so far within the UK have been conceived predominantly as employer engagement tools, adopting language and approaches designed to appeal to employer interests and priorities and emphasising the value that employers can derive from being part of the initiative. This contrasts with approaches emphasising the engagement of other constituents, like citizens and employees, as a route to influencing employer engagement (Scott, Baylor and Spaulding, 2016; Johnson, Herman and Hughes, 2022). This briefing paper shares findings from a scoping study involving key informants in the North West of England (2022-2023) which explored how local charter initiatives could influence employers to improve their employment practices. Participants in the study shared their views on: 1) How voluntary local employment charters could influence employers to change their employment practices? 2) What types of employers local charters could engage and influence? Alongside this study, we have also developed a series of case studies of the charters that have been introduced across six city regions in England. These encompass the Fair Work Standard (London); Good Employment Charter (West of England); Good Work Pledge (North of Tyne Combined Authority); Fair Employment Charter (Liverpool City Region Combined Authority); Good Employment Charter (Greater Manchester) and the Fair Work Charter (West Yorkshire Combined Authority). The case studies are published separately. Our conversations with policymakers, union representatives and campaigners indicate that while there are some potential ‘win-win’ outcomes from promoting good employment practices, there are also some key tensions that should be more clearly acknowledged. In particular, one point of divergence relates to what would be the most effective and meaningful way to engage with employers in order to secure improvements in employment practices. On the one hand, employment charter initiatives could set consistent, clear and relatively high standards of practice that employers could be required to meet from the outset, creating a clear dividing line between those employers who were engaged in some way with the initiative and those who are not. On the other, these initiatives could prioritise engaging as many employers as possible with few or no specific red lines (e.g. around paying the living wage) so that the charter provides an opportunity to work with employers to secure hopefully more substantive commitments down the road. There are challenges and trade-offs associated with both of these viewpoints. One problem with the former strategy of setting a consistent standard is that the principles of employment that the charter promotes may not be particularly stretching in some sectors, or indeed may only describe a minimum set of commitments for certain types of work; whilst in other sectors they may be viewed as being too stringent. A more incremental, flexible strategy of engaging with employers and working with them to change their employment practices, in contrast, relies on sustained commitment from both policymakers and employers. Whether charters can simultaneously offer a ‘safe space’ to employers to share information and change their practices whilst also operating in a more regulatory way appears as a fundamental tension in existing visions for these initiatives. We return to these different views on how to engage employers and secure change in the conclusion to this paper.

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The global economy has been facing a series of adverse shocks in recent years including the COVID-19 pandemic, climate crisis, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, high inflation, and interest rate shocks driven by global monetary policy normalization. The high cost of fossil fuels since 2021, moreover, has reminded the world that investment for clean energy projects has been severely inadequate due to limited implementation of climate policies and limited capital inflows to financing decarbonization efforts. While overdependence on fossil fuels might be inevitable currently, the world needs to accelerate transition to carbon neutrality and also begin to cope with nature capital stock and biodiversity losses, which are happening at an alarming pace. In particular, more financial support should be provided to emerging and developing economies (EMDEs) to help achieve climate and environmental goals and other sustainable development goals (SDGs). We give an overview of some innovative finance schemes applicable to EMDEs, including blended finance to mobilize more private capital to climate and environmental projects and debt-for-climate swaps (or debt-for-nature swaps), to provide de facto grants to small high-debt economies in exchange for climate projects (or nature protection). We also provide some suggestions for further actions through better coordination among donor and recipient nations led by G7 and G20 nations.

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COVID-19 had, and continues to have, a strong negative effect on incomes in Ireland due to widespread job losses as the measures put in place to slow the spread of the disease resulted in severe economic restrictions. Despite the existence of unemployment supports, additional income supports were introduced to protect incomes. As public health restrictions lift and the economy recovers, we face the withdrawal of such supports. We examine these supports and the role they played in supporting incomes. By profiling those who benefitted most from the new schemes, we highlight the groups most at risk of significant income losses as they wind down. We consider what gaps in the social welfare system necessitated the introduction of such schemes in the first place, along with potential future policy changes to ensure that the social welfare system can provide adequate income protection and financial incentives to work as we emerge from the COVID-19 crisis.

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In October 2000, the twelve countries of South America launched, a multinational, multisectoral and multidisciplinary initiative, whose main objective is to develop the region's infrastructure within a context of environmental sustainability. Supported by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the Andean Development Corporation, and the Financial Fund for the Development of the River Plate Basin, the Initiative is based on a hub strategy and its action plan calls for (1) strengthening national investment planning and coordination among countries, (2) standardizing and harmonizing regulatory and institutional aspects and (3) developing a portfolio of projects that encourage private sector participation and innovative financing schemes. This paper revisits IIRSA's economic fundamentals, looking at: the motivation behind regional integration; the importance of transport versus policy related trade costs; and the likely impact of the initiative on regional disparities and growth.

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This research, conducted in conjunction with One Family, set out to document the lived experiences of Jobseeker’s Transitional Payment (JST) recipients and to explore how JST is working ‘on the ground’. Because JST is a relatively new payment in the Irish social welfare system, little is known about how it is experienced by recipients. Furthermore, because people living in single parent households are consistently over-represented in poverty statistics across all metrics (at risk of poverty, enforced deprivation and consistent poverty), how caregivers in one-parent households experience a policy that is designed with such households in mind represents important work. The research was qualitative in nature and the original data presented in the report were collected via one focus group coupled with a series of ten interviews. A substantial review of the literature was also undertaken, and this was used to frame the research. Available statistics, along with statistics obtained via parliamentary questions, are also used to inform the research. The core aims for this research were as follows: Develop an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of the recipients of JST; Develop an understanding of how JST policy is working ‘on the ground’; Document the challenges and benefits associated with the payment; Develop a claimant-based user guide as a resource for new entrants to the payment scheme; Generate research data of relevance to One Family and related support and advocacy groups in their work with one parent families and their policy work in terms of the future direction of JST.